(We will return to this important issue towards the end of this article.). They look down on people on the They are supposed to be bakya or lacking in sophistication (bakya refers to the traditional wooden clogs, popular among the masses who cannot afford expensive shoes). Answer (1 of 6): There is varying response to that. resulted in a characterization of the Filipino from the judgmental and She thinks that a phenomenological approach, although perhaps useful in the past, can no longer move Sikolohiyang Pilipino forward. (b) Academic-philosophical psychology: the Western (mainly clerical) The most of import facet of this definition is the Filipino orientation. (Read more: A Moral Recovery Program: Building a PeopleBuilding a Nation by Patricia Licuanan). interest in personality testing of the projective type in the 1960s. From the beginning of the periods when the Philippines was colonized by Spain, and Using the Sikolohiyang cultural realities, understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino (U. For him, what is important is the immediate application of psychology in understanding and helping solve the problems in Philippine society. the direction of the movement would not have been as focused and solid. The study of psychology as an aspect of philosophy continued in the Torres used and developed the Filipino language in psychology consistently and continuously, inspiring others to follow. psychology (common to the Filipinos, culled from language, culture, literature, etc., among scholars. Thank you for always taking the time to be there for me and allowing me to tambayduring your office hours. Thus there were conferences held in Tacloban, Bicol, Marawi and other places; the 1997 one was in Puerto Princesa in Palawan. which utilized dimensions of personality that are relevant to Filipinos. Pilipino instead of tracing these back to Western theories. Ten years ago, I transitioned to a plant-based diet which left my Filipino family and friends scratching their heads. when nationalism was sweeping the country. Pakikisama vs. pakikipagkapwa. Scientiic and humanistic approaches are both valid. There are two categories of kapwa: the Ibang-Tao (outsider) and the Hindi- The Filipino is a blend of East and West. At the same time, there is a need to acknowledge positive elements in mainstream culture and psychology that are transformative and liberating. Since these theories are inevitably culture-bound, the picture of the Filipino has been inaccurate, if not distorted. While Enriquez built up a collection of student papers and set up a library of Philippine To add to the negativity of this interpretation of hiya, Andres (1994) Filipino people, with all the material and spiritual aspects (Indigenous Filipino Values, n.d.). Among Filipinos, these are a matter of fact, taken for granted, because they are what they are born into and grow up with. The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to foster national identity and consciousness, social involvement, and psychology of language and culture. It is also against the imposition to a Third World country of psychologies developed in industrialized countries. gratitude. The research, aside from being enlightening for the respondents, should also The benefits are many more relaxed atmosphere, more confidence on the part of students to express themselves (without fear of making grammatical mistakes and then being ridiculed), discovery of indigenous concepts, opportunities for creative discussions, and a realization that psychology must relate intimately and significantly to the life of the people. expense of the very people from whom this understanding will spring. He Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology) refers to the psychology born out of the There seems to be a 190191) deined it, following Kauts logic, as the science and psychology as an art. For example, if the publication of the research report will jeopardize the situation of the people, then it should not be continued. In so doing it became the Psychology by which all other psychologies are judged. Enriquez did not stop at hypothesis-generation (level of perceptual knowledge and Sikolohiyang Pilipinos principal emphasis in psychology is on identity and national The concept of a great cultural divide is a legacy which Enriquez has left behind, food for serious thought, for both academician and layman alike. Filipino personality test development Another aspect of Filipino personality that was given attention by the Sikolohiyang Pilipino perspective is the propensity for indirect communication. postgraduate training in Europe. This psychology aims to be a science comparable to that of the natural sciences, thus approximating the laws of universality. maintained a more mass-oriented worldview, culture, and way of life. 1992). For Enriquez, it is necessary to understand the experiences of many cultures and It is commonly defined as the psychology rooted on the ideas, experiences, and cultural orientation of the Filipino people. Although Tangco does not say so, he is implying that Sikolohiyang Pilipinos phenomenological orientation is not scientific and cannot pass the scientific standards of objectivity, reliability and validity understood of course from a logico-positivist framework. knowledge, beliefs and practices as related to the various applications and areas of Pangunahing-aral ng SikolohiyangPilipino a. Through his correspondence with Lagmay, Enriquez learned that the matter of teaching in the Filipino language was being taken up eagerly. For as long as the orientation is western, the growth in psychology will simply be a broadening of the data base which is inadequate for assuring a universal psychology. positivist framework. It must be stressed at the outset though that developing a particularistic psychology such as Filipino psychology is not anti-universal inasmuch as the ultimate aim of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to contribute to universal psychology, which can be realized only if each group of people is adequately understood by themselves and from their own perspective. sama/lakas ng loob (resentment/guts) and pakikibaka (resistance) as Hollnsteiner (1961) took this interpretation further by claiming that the recipient of of hiya in English is not shame but sense of propriety. Hiya. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is based on "assessing historical and socio-cultural realities, understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the eyes of the native Filipino" (Pe-Pua and Protacio-Marcelino, 2000, p. 1). In fact, this is expressed in a popular Filipino saying, Ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan. Enriquez elaborates by saying that psychology in the Philippines is both foreign and indigenous to the culture. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. This attitude is a fatalistic resignation or withdrawal from an engagement or crisis or a shirking from personal responsibility (Andres, 1994, p. 12). new directions in teaching psychology, and an active participation in organizations The dichotomy of the One-of-us and the Outsider categories reflects a value for defining membership in a group which determines the boundaries or the extent of allowable behavior for a person. Sylvia Estrada-Claudio (1997) was also critical of the notions of indigenous cultural program focused mainly on crisis intervention through treatment and rehabilitation It is the profound deep inner feeling that fuels all pertinent deeds. Further to his role in defining the characteristics and perspectives of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and charting its direction, Enriquez spearheaded several activities that have continued long after his death in 1994 such as the holding of annual national conferences on Filipino psychology. panunuluyan (residing in the research setting) (San Juan & Soriaga, 1985). Sikolohiyang Filipino rescued Bahala Na! from its In 1975, Carmen Santiago, a postgraduate student of psychology at U.P., did a study on pagkalalaki (no equivalent in English, but approximately, it means masculinity, maleness, manhood, or all of these) for a class under Enriquez. The primary purpose was to (indigenous) katutubo. To him, Sikolohiyang Pilipino exists as long as there are Filipinos. in some French for comfort, the Filipino masses speak Filipino and a regional The U. was the irst university to ofer it. She looked into the essential elements culture and language. originating in a particular place (___) (indigenized) isinakatutubo. If you have taken the time to understand their cultural ways, you will know that it is very important to spend time establishing rapport, letting them interview you first so they would feel comfortable enough to disclose their opinions, knowledge and experiences to you. Filipino psychology (sikolohiyang Pilipino in Filipino) is the scientific study of psychology derived from the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos. Some of the indigenous research methods that have been identiied are psychology. SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO (also called Filipino Psychology or Indigenous Filipino Psychology) is a psychology of, about, and for Philippine peoples. She compared the pakikipagkuwentuhan of the 1980s to that of the 1990s and corrected the mistaken notion that this is used only for sensitive and difficult topics/issues. immediate future, for the opportunity to show utang na loob might come only in the Pilipino perspective, Enriquez (1992) re-conceptualized the Filipino behaviour else butt in in the middle of an interview session is not something to be upset over; distorted. pakikipagkapwa which means treating the other person as kapwa or fellow human freer to be themselves when in a sympathetic group of friends than in a one on one out as one of the irst, if not the irst, instruments that are culturally sensitive in its which is a virtue expected of unmarried Filipino women. Such a universal psychology is perhaps more of a vision than a reality. It was long believed that coming-out as lesbians, gays, or bisexuals (LGB) is psychologically healthy. confrontative surface values. They have different cultural experiences growing up in America. This conventional interpretation of hiya is inadequate because it does not take into account the importance of understanding how affixations in Philippine languages can give a new meaning to a word. In many of the research methods, research participants actually have an input in the research process itself in terms of time management, structure of the questions, interpretation without their being aware of it. 1973) as a Filipino value, giving it the English translation of maintaining smooth in Social Psychology and lost no time in Companies have also become more conscious of a management style that is appropriate and suited to Filipinos. What is the importance of Filipino psychology? was taken away. looking at the problem of the children at two levels. efort translating psychological materials into Filipino. ethical responsibility of researchers should be to the people and not to their When Filipinos utter the expression Bahala na! they are not leaving their fate to God and remaining passive. aims to understand the Filipino psyche using indigenous concepts. Enriquezs PUP and three other examples of Philippine personality measures may The PPRTH is ready to face the diicult situation before them, and will do their best to achieve She Thus, a poor person who is a kind and honest person and respects the dignity of hard work has a lot of dangal. actually means gratitude/solidarity. Ones personality therefore can be described as either adhering or deviating from these core values as interpreted by Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Sikolohiyang Pilipino has also been applied in industry particularly in the marketing someone), etc. However, they can still lay claim to Filipino cultural identity (differentiated from a national identity) because both their parents are Filipino, some of them still speak or at least understand one Philippine language. It focuses on various themes such as identity and national consciousness, social awareness, and involvement, and it uses indigenous psychology to apply to various fields such as religion, mass media, and health. As stated earlier Sikolohiyang Filipino has become a breakthrough to world psychology. (Enriquez, 1994a, p. 27). concept of leadership among the grassroots Filipinos by developing a new particularly in the area of personality measurement. While he agrees with Enriquez on the basic principles of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, especially the importance of culture, the use of the local languages and the development of a national consciousness, there are disagreements or differences on a number of issues. the psychology of the Filipino. In fact, even before they have said Bahala na! they have probably done their best to prepare for the forthcoming situation. Much of the strategy for discovering Sikolohiyang Pilipino is based on assessing historical and socio-cultural realities, understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino characteristics and explaining them through the eyes of the native Filipino. The goal of research is to gain understanding, but not at the Pakikiramdam is a request to feel or to be sensitive to. personality measurement, citing developments in the areas of personality testing, the dearth of locally developed tests (Carlota, 1980; Guanzon, 1985; Lazo, 1977; Despite this welcome development, however, she decried the tendency of local test users to use foreign-made tests lock, stock, and barrel, with no attempt whatsoever to adapt these tests through item or test modification, test translation, or development of local norms. to include Sikolohiyang Pilipino, sociology, anthropology and even economics. Thus, the move towards understanding patterns and value structure where he designated hiya(propriety/ dignity), utang Utang na loob. then the USA, academic psychology, or the psychology taught in schools, was VirgilioEnriquez: Pioneer of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Academe responded to this call by meanings of the word hiya depending on its form nakakahiya (embarrassing), Filipino characteristics katalinuhan [intelligence], pagkarelihiyoso [religiosity], kaasalang sekswal [sexual behavior], kakayahang magdala ng tensyon [ability to handle stress], pagkamabahala [anxiety], kahustuhang emosyonal [emotional stability], kakayahang berbal sa Filipino [verbal ability in Filipino], Filipino management style, dementia screening, empathy, and trustworthiness, to name a few (Cipres-Ortega & Guanzon-Lapena, 1997, p. 7). vocational testing, and the 1980s an increased interest in personality testing, with a Sikolohiyang Pilipino has also been applied in industry particularly in the marketing of specific products and understanding consumer behavior. It is the major basis of the Sikolohiyang Pilipino aside from Academic-scientific psychology and Academic-philosopical psychology. especially diicult circumstances such as children in situations of armed conlict, Academic Philosophic Psychology (Akademiko-pilosopiya na Sikolohiya): Western Tradition: This tradition was started by priest-professors at the University of Santo Tomas, themselves having philosophical trainings. associations that supported the goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Born in the province of Bulacan, Philippines, Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez was trained by his father to speak the native tongue fluently since he was a child. various countries to teach, do research, and participate in conferences. psychological testing is of Western origin, the substance of the PUP originated from Although Sikolohiyang Pilipino applies specifically to the Pilipino community, it is a stepping-stone towards the development of an all-inclusive practice, "Psychology is too important to be left to the psychologist alone" (Pe-Pua & Protacio-Marcelino 54) so it must be a collective practice and experience. introducing the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology). This Filipino value also implies an impromptu skill, that is, it is a strength that helps Filipinos to awaken the bravery and aptitude in them which combine to provide solutions to problems. Enriquez (1992) also explored the idea of a great cultural divide in the analysis of Filipino personality. We put forward now that what is generally considered as universal psychology is based on the psychology of industrialized and developed countries of the West. Thus, the area of Filipino personality developed as a strong area using the Sikolohiyang Pilipino perspective. Evidently, it is the external aspect which foreign Enriquez was formally initiated into psychology in 1963 when he started teaching at the University of the Philippines (U.P.). This stream includes indigenous articulated in Sikolohiyang Pilipino in discovering the richness of indigenous It has been shown that Philippine psychologys colonial character as a captive of an American dominated, English-speaking world is one of Sikolohiyang Pilipinos major areas of protest (Enriquez, 1987, p. 279). It is in their In the 1970s and 1980s there were quite a number of these organizations in the unpublished, at the PPRTH. In terms of areas of protest, Sikolohiyang Pilipino is against a psychology that adequately understood by themselves and from their own perspective. If this is not possible, local researchers should be tapped for assistance. In contrast to the debates, there are a number of new researches that have been able to present revisions and elaborations on the basic tenets of Sikolohiyang Pilipino as articulated by Enriquez. It was in the early 1970s that The history of psychology as it has evolved in the western tradition can be interpreted as moving towards the goal of a truly universal psychology. Utang na loob was translated by Kaut (1961) as debt of colonial/accommodative surface values; and bahala na (determination), Greater Sikolohiyang Pilipino Teorya, Metodo at Gamit: Filipino Psychology : Theory, Method and ApplicationMarch 1990, Univ Philippines PrPaperback in English9710300210 9789710300211. Salazar, on the other hand, continues to draw material for his theories from his critical understanding of culture and history. although perhaps useful in the past, can no longer move Sikolohiyang Pilipino It is not necessarily a burden as the word debt connotes, because in the Filipino pattern of interpersonal relations, there is always an opportunity to return a favor. concerns articulated by its proponents and critics. Most of these texts are available in the vernacular, but even in German and English. (Indigenous Filipino Values, n.d.). Asa movement, Sikolohiyang Filipino maintains institutes of Filipino language, history, art, religion, as well as field stations and outreach programs in many parts of the country and at campuses around the world. Second, research participants should always be treated by researchers as equal, if not superior a fellow human being and not like a guinea pig whose sole function is to provide data. Pakiramdam is described as an all-important "shared inner perception" that compliments the "shared identity" of kapwa. The irst faculty member to teach the course was Jose Ma. have probably done their best to prepare for the forthcoming situation. reality (Lawless, 1969, cited in Enriquez, 1992) rather than a concern for the scientists (Enriquez, 1987, 1992; Diaz-Guerrero, 1977; Sinha, 1984). The importance of Sikolohiyang Pilipino would help Filipinos to recognize their personality and culture that would help them find their own sense of belongingness and allows them to categorize themselves from the influences of western colonizers. Sikolohiyang Pilipino also became more ''responsible'' and responsive to the needs of Filipinos due to the philosophy that we need to make psychology benefit and be of service to the people. It considers the findings from the academic-scientific psychologies of developed nations as well as the clerical psychology of the academic-philosophical schools. awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially methodologically on the side of analysis but interprets the result of analysis with a management style, dementia screening, empathy, and trustworthiness, to name a The test administration procedures were also adapted to Filipino ways (Enriquez & Guanzon, 1985). Let us examine three of these Filipino values from the exogenous and indigenous perspectives. SP should focus on the lived experiences of people immersed in Philippine life and culture. Reviews on the status of Philippine psychological measurement in the 1970s and 1980s pointed out the twin problem of the inapplicability of foreign-made tests and the dearth of locally developed tests (Carlota, 1980; Guanzon, 1985; Lazo, 1977; Lazo, de Jesus & Tiglao, 1976; Ramos, 1977). inevitably culture-bound, the picture of the Filipino has been inaccurate, if not Rogelia Pe-Pua took off where Bartolome left as far as teaching the subject Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Psychology 108) was concerned. On one side of the cultural divide are Filipinos who have research of not being enmeshed and bound by the culture being studied has Isang alternatibong perspektibo kung paano ipapaliwanagnag pag-iisip, pagkilos at damdaming Pilipino, na malakiang kaibahan sa mga pananaw ng iba pang anyo ng sikolohiya sa . conferences on Filipino psychology. body with a local dress. divide are the Filipinos who have adhered to a more elitist viewpoint. language; (b) rational philosophy, the clerical tradition, phenomenology, Thomistic predominantly Western in theory and in methodology. Not only do the poor eat diferent food, if they eat at all, but they also have their This stands for the homegrown concepts that are studied using indigenous psychological methodologies or orientation. something foreign which is localized (___) indigenous, indigenized, orginated, propagated, Filipinos, localized. However, Their and external aspects of hiya. On a more personal note, he pointed to the contradiction in Enriquezs pro-Filipino views and convictions while at the same time writing in English for an Western audience. practice in a Philippine context, for example, livelihood psychology instead of from awareness to motives to behavior (p. 160). but even without such gestures from outside, it is within you. Filipino personality. seminars he initiated generated a wealth of information and experiences exchanged questions Sikolohiyang Pilipinos methodology and practice and traces the problem conscience. asserts that there is a hegemonic type of consciousness present in culture that few (Cipres-Ortega & Guanzon-Lapen a, 1997, p. 7). knowledge (kalooban and kamalayan), awareness of ones surroundings (ulirat), In place of clinical psychology and industrial psychology, he brought in health psychology, livelihood psychology, rural psychology, psychology of the arts, and others. the classroom from grade school to high school. Enriquez was also responsible for establishing organizations in the Sikolohiyang Pilipino: As kapwa psychology, it (Sikolohiyang Pilipino) is an orientationan enduring worldview that links to the cultural heritage of indigenous Filipino people and their IKSP (Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SIKOPIL) 3 units. These issues are not new and have actually been addressed by many Philippine scholars in the past (Jimenez, 1982; Feliciano, 1982; Margallo, 1982). It is thus concerned with proper applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, and other spheres of people's daily life. The analysis-wholeness issue is not a big issue in Sikolohiyang Pilipino. For example, having somebody else butt in in the middle of an interview session is not something to be upset over; one should go through the process of getting to know each other first informally before asking questions on topics that are not that common to people. obtained from them. Researchers cannot expect people to adjust to the method; the method should adjust to the people. Development Board. Salazar criticized Enriquez for including the study of Filipino-Americans in the discourse of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. He emphasized kapwa (shared identity) as core conformity with/in- accord with), and to pakikisama (being along with). to ask the researcher as many questions as they want, therefore acting much like a He maintained that Filipino-Americans are Filipinos because some aspects of their identity and cultural experiences are still Filipino (Enriquez, 1994). collective experience of a people with a common bond of history. David taught psychology in Filipino the year before he left to pursue his Was the irst university to ofer it the Academic-philosophical schools article. ) the propensity for communication... Indigenous Filipino psychology ) is psychologically healthy ( LGB ) is psychologically healthy which left my Filipino and! 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